There are many cases, especially in decision- making processes, in which people show hatred; from self-blaming to contemplating other groups. The meaning of politics is divided into two. Politics, in a narrow meaning, is an act of maintaining order in the framework of communal life called nation by law and other means against the backdrop of state power. In a broad meaning, it includes not only nation-limited human activities but also all forms of human life, such as conflicts of interest or control that mediate differences in opinions that occur anywhere. Most U.S. political scientists describe this relationship as a "governance" and describe the state as a "public government" and what else is a "private government". So, the management of any social group can be understood as political acts.

Mom-worm(Mom-Chung) and No-kids zone problem, Megalia’s action read as hate against hatred, hate toward Chinese compatriots and Korean-Chinese. Now, Korea is walking through an era of hatred. Hatred is exploited by politicians and has seeped into our everyday life. Korea is not the only country that the era of hatred has arrived. In the book The Monarchy of Fear, author Nussbaum, a world-class political philosopher, criticizes a society stained with hatred, and asks us a question, ‘The world in front of fear from COVID-19, Is democracy proceeding? or retreating?’ Before developing the article, I would like to clarify that this article assumes that expressing hatred is unethical and does not discuss ethicality.

What is Disgust?

According to the book The Monarchy of Fear, disgust branches to primary disgust and projective disgust. Primary disgust is a visceral emotion, which is a reflex to perceive contact that is motivated by a thought of contamination. Projective disgust is a phenomenon, projecting tendency to feel disgusted to a specific group of society, and it is encountered in various discrimination of our society. This is because the inner feelings of humans are embedded at the root of the group subordination of various social aspects such as sex, gender, religion, social status, age, and disability. ‘Every society tries to subordinate certain groups by making them insignificant. In feudalism and monarchy, obedience was the official method of government. In contrast, equal respect and consideration are public norms in modern democratic society.’ said Nussbaum in the book The Monarchy of Fear. Therefore projective disgust is particularly threatening in democratic societies since it involves the desire to subordinate.

However, hopeless citizens in front of uncertainty are fragile and are eroded by fear. These fears are often mixed with hatred; stem from fear, anger, and blame toward others (vested or minority groups). Rather than cooperating with others through rational thinking (which is constructive), people define others as a person of a different nature and establish a boundary between themselves and others.

Why do people express disgust openly?

Conflict within hierarchy classes, misogyny, a confrontation between the progressive and conservative - such political emotions have always been controlled adroitly by the power behind. Behaving in "bad manners", a way that's not typical of politicians — a tactic employed by President Trump (perpetuating a state of crisis). A form of politics (in a narrow meaning) with such characteristics is called "populism." Populism refers to a range of political stances that emphasize the idea of "the people" and often juxtapose this group against "the elite". It is in line with democracy in that it appeals to the public to establish policies for the majority, strives for the majority’s support, emphasizes the rule of the majority and of direct political participation.

In other words, unlike vested political forces, it gives the impression of breaking reality by expressing their voices directly from the public's perspective. According to the book The Global Rise of Populism, another common thread among populist leaders is they tend to dislike the "complicated democratic systems" of modern government - preferring direct democracy like referendums instead. Sociologist Chan-ho Oh says “it seems similar to democracy in that it appeals to the public and establishes policy for the majority (though the excluded targets are different; elites and the weak), but in using hatred to make 'my side' easily by stimulating the sentiment of discrimination in society. It can be said that it is fundamentally different.”

So why do people express disgust openly? It is because expressing hatred is 'economical' in terms of election engineering. Disgust and exclusion are more efficient and easier than competing with policy and vision for the election. Excluding the few makes gathering the majority way easier. Former US President Donald Trump's "hate politics" is a typical example. Through his speeches of hatred toward Muslims and Hispanics, he has provoked fear of terror among Americans, tolerated racial conflicts, and undermined unity.

Should openly expressing hatred be respected? Can't it be said that there is not only an obligation not to harm others, but also the freedom to express hatred? Professor Sung-Soo Hong, author of the book When Word becomes a Sword says that “especially ‘politicians' remarks, in themselves, are influential and function as a social standard, so they must be uttered and evaluated more rigorously” and points out "To benefit oneself by excluding some members of the community is ignoring democracy's ‘principle of protecting minorities’". Exploiting hatred for political use is a political degeneration and violence since it erodes the root of democracy, which presupposes equality.

Swimming through the tide of hatred

So, how can the world dyed with fear and hatred be wisely passed through? Nussbaum tells us that the solution is hope. Hope is important since it assumes love and trust. Above all, as Kant insisted, good work needs hope. In the book The Monarchy of Fear, Nussbaum says ‘When you have a child, you have no idea, really, what sort of person your child will become, or what sort of life he or she will have. But you know that you want to be a good parent: so, you embrace hope. But could you do that without hope? Kant said plausibly that you could not. When you love a cause or a country, once again you need to embrace hope to sustain you in your efforts on behalf.’

Sadly, however, we have often seen teachers treating students in a way that triggers negative emotions in the classroom, which is a political scene in a broad sense. This method can be effective in cleaning up the situation right away in short sight, but it is ethically bad and has many side effects such as reducing self-efficacy in a long- term perspective. Therefore we, as preliminary teachers, need to recognize these disadvantages and teach children through positive emotions (love and faith) rather than exploiting negative emotions in the pursuit of efficiency.